Analysis of Meditation IV by John Donne Essay

The opening statement of John Donnes Meditation IV sets a disposition for the whole article. ..Except God, Man is a diminutive to nothing (Donne 23) is saying man is bigger than the world; excluding the fact that God conquers and controls all. Man is in control of his own life, but God controls his fate. It is also stating that the world is nothing in comparison to man and is not as complex. Donnes numerous comparisons between human anatomy and nature shows how mans complexity overcomes the world and is therefore considered bigger than it. Mans veins are used in comparison to simple rivers and muscles to hills to justify his complexity over the world. This analogy is used to show just how closely related humans are to nature, yet still closer in comparison and controlled by God. God is the puppet master of all, and has fixed the order of nature (Aquinas 79) . He has made man the only species with direct connection to Him. The Lord says, The works that I do, he also shall do, and grea ter than these shall he do (87). Donne continues his comparison by stating as the whole world hath nothing, to which something in man doth not answere, so hath man many pieces, of which the whole world hath no representation (Donne 23). This means that man can relate to anything in the world, but the world does not have the capacity to do the same. He goes on to state that even though Gods creatures are everywhere, not just in the sea, and are born giants physically in comparison to humans, their mental competence is nothing in contrast to man. Donne states that Gods creatures reach everywhere; land and sea, Earth to Heaven, but his thoughts are comprehended by all. Donne writes of two different worlds where monsters and diseases coexist and live with one another. The world in which there are monsters is a representation of the Earth. Animals are able to cure themselves, so they are able to survive and live harmoniously; each animal is able to coexist and live independently. The world of disease is one which has been created by the humans and representing the human body. They are so consumed with conquering everything and everyone; they have acquired diseases for which there is no name because there are so many within the world. The diseases have become entangled and have formed new ones. Donne is saddened by the separation of the worlds and the humans dependency on animals and various  remedies. He cannot understand how we can have so many diseases without names and remedies. Donnes analogy of Hercules and a Physician does give a physician heroic characteristics, but also can be perceived negatively. The over exaggeration of the physicians position makes it seem like he is fighting monsters instead of disease and as if he existed on Earth instead of within his own human body. The line, †¦hee musters up al the forces of the other world, to succor this; all Nature to relieve Man (24), explains the previous statement by saying that the physician uses the knowledge of Earth to cure the human body of disease. Donne feels like the physicians need to take from the monsters world is degrading and humans should be able to exist without the need of animals. Donne then tries to separate himself from the physician and say the physician is different than the typical man. We have the phisician, but we are not the physician (24). He will not be considered in the same hierarchy as the physician, even though a physician is human. Because the physician must resort to animalistic means to cure disease, he is considered lesser in Donnes eyes; even though he previously believed God placed all of human kind on the same level. He goes on to state that we shrink back to Gods set standards for us, sink into our dignity and respect for other creatures, and have the physician do all the dirty work. Donne then goes on to list different animals that do cure themselves of ailments. The Hart can distinguish which herbs can deceive a predator and make it vomit up the poison. A dog that is attacked knows he can be cured by eating grass. Donne mentions the Drugger, which is the closest creature to Man, because he simply supplies the medicine. The Drugger, unlike the physician, does not find the cures or have to consult the animal world. Because the Drugger cannot cure himself of disease, he must seek advice from the physician to be healed. Donne speaks of the innate instinct to cure oneself that humans do not have and infers that creatures with that instinct are superior to those without.  This contradicts his previous stance that humans are superior to all and are Gods gift to the world. It seems now he believes that animals are the superior beings and God is working through them instead. He is disappointed by his own species and tries to separate himself from human beings. By his analysis of the physician, he is able to make himself feel superior and less inadequate for not being able to cure himself. Donne then refers back to his previous stance of human position and discredits it completely. He proposes the question, whats become of mans great extent and proportion, when himself shrinkes himselfe, and consumes himselfe to a handfull of dust?(25) It seems as if he is trying to figure out what will happen if humans become so dependent upon animals for all aspects of life. What will be left for humans to do if animals become superior and take over everything? The comparison to a handful of dust may be an overstatement, but a metaphor to the humans usefulness at the very least. The question, whats become of his soaring thoughts, his compassing thoughts, when himself brings himself to the ignorance, to the thoughtlessnesse of the Grave? (25) puts man at the animalistic level and says they have the thought capacity of a simple animal. The reference to the Grave lowers humans even more to the afterlife and a corpses inability to do anything. This reference refers back to Donnes previous statement that humans will eventually be useless, but takes it a step further and makes them as useful as a corpse. The Grave also is an allusion to God and his ability to control life and the fate of everything. Donne ends his meditation with a restatement on his final stance on Earth vs. the human body. He believes humans are able to live within world of disease, but do not have the capacity to heal themselves like animals do. They are therefore inferior and the physician is even lower because he is a human that must heal other humans, but still cannot heal himself like animals are. Animals are able to live independently and do not rely upon one another to survive. If one species died, they have to ability to adapt and overcome any problems. Donne feels that humans would not be able to do this. At first he believes God made humans strong and able to conquer all, but he contradicted himself and talked his way out of that belief. Bruce Boehrer states that,  [relative anthropocentrism] associates large and variable subsets of the human community to a greater or lesser extent with the realm of nature, while reserving full human statues only for specific, arbitrarily defined social groups (Boehrer 17) . Boehrer may be inferring that humans choose when to use the talents God specifically gave them, which would not make them inferior as Donne states, but rather superior for not wasting energy on characteristics not given to them, but using inferior creatures to cure them. Works Cited: Donne, John. Devotions Upon Emergent Occasions. Ann Arbor, MI: U of Michigan P, 1990. Aquinas, St. Thomas. Summa Theologiae. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Book Company. Boehrer, Bruce. Shakespeare Among the Animals: How To Do Things With Animals. Palgrave.

Jose Rizal Novels

University of Perpetual Help System Dalta Alabang-Zapote Road, Pamplona III, Las Pinas City Dedication of Jose Rizal’s Novels: Noli Me Tangere And El Filibusterismo Submitted to: Mr. Mason (Professor in Life and Works of Rizal) Submitted by: Rosemarie R. Lubay Noli Me tangere â€Å"In the annals of human adversity, there is etched a cancer, of a breed so malignant that the least contact exacerbates it and stirs in it the sharpest of pains.And thus, many times amidst modern cultures I have wanted to evoke you, sometimes for memories of you to keep me company, other times, to compare you with other nations – many times your beloved image appears to me afflicted with a social cancer of similar malignancy. Desiring your well-being, which is our own, and searching for the best cure, I will do with you as the ancients of old did with their afflicted: expose them on the steps of the temple so that each one who would come to invoke the Divine, would propose a cure for themâ₠¬ ¦ † El FilibusterismoTo the memory of the priests, Don Mariano Gomez (85 years old), Don Jose Burgos (30 years old), and Don Jacinto Zamora (35 years old). Executed in Bagumbayan Field on the 28th of February, 1872. â€Å"The Church, by refusing to degrade you, has placed in doubt the crime that has been imputed to you; the Government, by surrounding your trials with mystery and shadows, causes the belief that there was some error, committed in fatal moments; and all the Philippines, by worshiping your memory and calling you martyrs, in no sense recognizes your culpability.In so far, therefore, as your complicity in the Cavite mutiny is not clearly proved, as you may or may not have been patriots, and as you may or may not have cherished sentiments for justice and for liberty, I have the right to dedicate my work to you as victims of the evil which I undertake to combat. And while we wait expectantly upon Spain some day to restore your good name and cease to be answerable f or your death, let these pages serve as a tardy wreath of dried leaves over your unknown tombs, and let it be understood that everyone who without clear proofs attacks your memory stains his hands in your blood! †

Compare and Contrast Research Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Compare and Contrast Research Paper - Essay Example This art shows the philosophers gathered together learning from each other and sharing ideas. The great figures in history lived at different times. However, The School of Athens illustrates the great scholars under one roof. Two great thinkers, Aristotle and Plato, are conspicuous in the painting. The duo has played crucial role in shaping the Western thinking. In addition, their philosophical differences have been incorporated into Christianity (Kleinbub 52). However, Aristotle holds his hand down, a clear indication that humanity can only subscribe to the reality that can be seen or experienced by tough as well as sight. This, in essence, is the exact reality that Plato had dismissed. Aristotle holds his famous book (Aristotle’s Ethics) essentially emphasized elements of justice, relationship, government of the human world, and friendship, as well as reasons for the study (Kleinbub 52). Pythagoras is to the lower left of the painting, The School of Athens. Pythagoras held t o the belief that the world as well as the movement of the stars and other planets operated in a manner that was reflective of distinct mathematical laws (Kleinbub 52). Incidentally, the mathematical laws had close connection to the ideas of cosmic and musical harmony. Apotheosis of Homer was a remarkable work by Ingres (1827). ... However, Homer appears to rein above all the great ancient artists and writers in history. Ingres intended to depict the painting to be the sum of aesthetic rules though it barely lived to the expectation. Incidentally, the creation of this painting was a result of the artist (Ingres) combining more than 100 small drawings for the various characters (Kleiner & Helen 782). Each of the assorted characters made the drawing more precise and detailed in equal measure. Apparently, Ingress conducted an extensive study of the paintings and other artistic works of assorted artists. For instance, he studied the paintings of Raphael, Apelles, and Poussin, the playwright, as well as other important figures, including the Roman and Greek gods. Jean- Stylistic Analysis The School of Athens (by Raphael) provides high renaissance perspective with regard philosophers, scientists, mathematicians who held divergent views, conducted researches, and held different perceptions about the universe and other phenomena (Strinati 28). In the art, Plato is seen holding his book called The Timaeus. Plato (on the left) points up which is a clear implication of his philosophy about everything in the universe being merely a shadow of the higher, eternal reality that is not only unchanging but also eternal. These include things such as beauty and goodness (Strinati 28). In essence, he holds to the belief that the other worldly reality is in fact the ultimate reality, and the seat of beauty, justice, wisdom, and truth. However, Aristotle holds his hand down, a clear indication that humanity can only subscribe to the reality that can be seen or experienced by tough as well as sight. Auguste-Dominique Ingres first exhibited the Apotheosis of Homer in 1827 in the yearly Salon. This art

South Africa Tourism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

South Africa Tourism - Essay Example The Dutch East India Company was the pioneer European settler on Cape of Good Hope. They established permanent colony comprising of 15000 setters. The number rose to above 15000 by the end of 18th century. The other settlers or area came in 1795 and tried to make an independent republic. These were known as Boers of Afrikaners (Binns & Nel 236). In 1815, Britain was able to control the cape colony and brought 5000 settlers at the end of Napoleonic Wars. That was the era when African blacks were being released from slavery and they were moving back to Africa. This was known as â€Å"Great Trek† when Africans were settling North and East into African tribal territory. They also explored the areas of Orange Free State and Transvaal (South African Tourism 61). The year of 1867 is of great importance as gold and discovery of diamond attracted the outlanders to invade the land. Outlanders came to republics and tried to convince Prime Minister Cecil Rhodes for invasion. Rhodes execut ed a plan but failed and Rhodes was forced to resign from his office. This war was named as inevitable war, which started on 11 Oct 1899.Boers was defeated in the war which resulted in the creation of Union of South Africa. Union was composed of four provinces including former provinces as well. Cape and Natal colonies were also part of Union. Botha had the honor of becoming first Prime Minister.African National Congress came into existence in 1912 which marked the beginning of organized political activity in the country.

Oppositional Defiant Disorder Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Oppositional Defiant Disorder - Research Paper Example The age of onset of this psychiatric problem has been observed as early as three years and the clinical features can be identified easily at the age of eight years. It is very uncommon after adolescence. Boys show a greater ratio of this psychiatric disorder as compared to girls up till puberty and after gaining puberty this ratio becomes equal. (Sadock et al 2009). Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) has various underlying causes and risk factors and it presents with different signs and symptoms and it can be identified by the set diagnostic criteria. The risk factors and etiological factors for ODD are not very clear and the family background, hereditary, environmental and social factors are mostly the underlying causes for the eruption of the symptoms in the child. Child’s natural predisposition plays a critical role in the development of this disorder. Assertive nature of the child and the similar authoritative reaction shown by the parents to discipline their child causes them to retaliate and disobey their authority figures. With the passage of time the child needs to develop a sense of self-confidence and self-determination. However, in cases of difficulty in compliance, this behavior is exaggerated and when he/she steps into adolescence, this oppositional response is intensified. Sexual or physical abuse, lack of proper supervision by parents or neglected childhood, mental retardation in late childhood, chemical imbalance for instance of serotonin and any environmental trauma can also trigger ODD. Families that have undergone problems like divorce, troubled parental relationship, frequent school changes, financial instabilities and strict and harsh discipline maintenance are other etiological factors responsible for ODD. A single factor cannot be pointed out as the cause of ODD in any affected individual (Mayo Clinic Staff 2012; Sadock et al 2009). Classic psychoanalytical theory has explained that the oppositional behavior of the children is the outcome of accumulating aggressive responses against their authority figures and is a way of expressing control over them. This control is expressed through tantrums, temper outbreaks and other negative attitudes (Sadock et al 2009). The clinical features of ODD start presenting before 8 years of age and intensify over the early teen years. It takes months and years for the clinical signs and symptoms of the child to worsen and complicate. The behavior of the child is to be noticed if he/she presents with aggressive nature and various incidents of moodiness over the past six months at least and have been persistent throughout. The symptoms include temper tantrums which are persistent, poor compliance with disobedience for rules, arguing with authority figures like parents, blaming others for own mistakes, anger and aggressive behavior, revenge taking behaviors, easily annoyed and irritated over petty issues, intentional gestures to annoy others and persistent disobedience against t he parents. These symptoms can be observed both by parents at home or by teachers and friends in the setting of school. Aggressiveness is expressed by the children more often through verbal communication and harsh attitude against parents or teachers. Physical aggressiveness is less common in ODD, but more common in Conduct Disorder. Children with these features are affected severely in terms of their social, academic and

Self Attendance and Participation evaluation Essay

Self Attendance and Participation evaluation - Essay Example The topic that stirred the most curiosity in me was the article on ‘It’s a Flat World, After All’. The article talks about how globalization has taken over the world. The author of the article calls the world a flat world because of the extent of globalization that has occurred in the world. The article talks about how India has taken advantage of globalization and outsourcing, and is contributing towards the overall process of globalization. The world has become smaller today as compared to the previous century. Today a software engineer sitting in a separate country can develop well suited software for international firms and this shows the extent to which the world has shrank today. I was not aware of the present day situation of outsourcing and off –shoring and therefore the article took me by surprise. I knew about the software industry of India but the facts that the article revealed were amazing to say the least. The article also calls for keeping a pace with the fast moving world as everyone will have to work really hard to make any progress in the new globalized flat world. The graduate work force all over the world is increasing specially in the developing countries like China and India. This is why it is extremely important to work hard in today’s flat work. I think I have fared really well in the area of attendance and class participation. I have worked really hard to give in all my work on time meeting all the deadlines. For the past 5 weeks I have attended all classes and have also participated to my best. I will award 6 points to my attendance as I have taken all classes. Attendance points should be full because attendance has not been an issue with me. I will assign 4 points for participation because I have participated considerably in the class however, there is room for improvement. This is why I have not assigned full points to myself when it comes to

Root Cause of the Problem Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Root Cause of the Problem - Essay Example However, serve category retailers raises a range of problems for Clearwater. Firstly, Clearwater is a well-reputed brand and supplying the category retailers its products without additional marketing leaves no difference between an ordinary brand and Clearwater. Its identity gets merged into the identity of category retailers unless additional money and effort is vested in advertising and marketing of its products. Secondly, in order to make money by supplying its products to the category retailers, not only does Clearwater need to customize the quality and features of its products to the needs of the category retailers, but it also needs to change and modify its supply system in a number of ways in order to accommodate the needs of efficiency and quantity along with quality of the category retailers. Thirdly, Clearwater is not used to such a supply system and it needs to make significant changes in its business practices in order to be successful with and get used to the changes. La ck of experience in this regard thus surfaces as another challenge. The growing popularity of the category retailers and the simultaneous decreasing profitability of Clearwater’s business is the problem. Category retailers are just as important, if not more, as the target audience or consumers for a manufacturer. They can both make and break a business. In order to solve the problem, Clearwater needs to make a cost vs benefit analysis of the two approaches. The first approach is to continue selling its products through traditional department stores. In this case, Clearwater should estimate how much loss has been incurred in terms of lost profitability in the recent years and estimate further losses into the future on its basis. The second approach is to estimate the cost of modifying business practices, customizing to address the needs of the category retailers, and the cost of continued marketing and weigh it against the estimated  profitability achieved by selling its products through the category retailers. Clearwater should go with whichever approach proves more economical and profitable.

Planning for Data Collection Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Planning for Data Collection - Term Paper Example According to Keough and Tanabe (2011), a ressearch question is considered a significant footstep in conducting methodical investigationss. It is important to keep in mind the fact that any questions used to gather information in refrence to the scenario ought to be quantifiable, include all the variables of the study, and also be comprehensible enough. The main focus of this study in reference to the scenario is patient satisfaction. The initial questions should therefore cover quantifiable factors such as age, race, gender, and place of residence. Sebsequently, questions to determine the patients experience can be asked. The following are examples of questions that can be asked to gauge the level of patient satisfaction: In such a scenaio, face to face interviews would be the most relevant method to collect data regarding patient satsfaction. It is evident from past studies that face to face interviews lets or permits the researcher to have a personal association with the patient hence s/he is more likely to get first class and higgh quality information. This can be made easier by constructing a questionnaire to ease the whole process (Keough and Tanabe, 2011). As postulated by Keough and Tanabe (2011), to determine sample size, conducting a power analysis is vital. In reference to the scenario, the health instituion serves 10,000 patients annually. To have a distributed sample size, it would be importnt to for instance divide the annual turnover of patients by twelve in order to determine the proportion of patients visiting the instituion per month. Through the employment of an easy and unsystematic sampling tool, the equivalent fractions of patients to use as the sample monthly and subsequently annually can be determined. The participants will be selected through random sampling. For example, by the use of a sample size calculator, for an error

Psychology of Teenage Pregnancy and Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Essay

Psychology of Teenage Pregnancy and Fetal Alcohol Syndrome - Essay Example (Jessor 2004, p. 45) The reasons for teenage pregnancy and fetal alcohol syndrome are mostly psychological and social, and it is understandable, that the influence and effects of teenage pregnancy may become terrible for young girls, if not properly treated. In connection with this, Shonfeld and Mattson (2005) write, that 'the socialization deficits and views on stealing and obeying the law may serve as early indicators of later maladaptive behaviour. In terms of the overall moral maturity score, it is possible that this global measure is not sensitive enough in detecting delinquency in youth with prenatal alcohol exposure.' (Schonfeld & Mattson 2005, p. 24) What is meant here is that leaving school causes the lack of communication and socialization, which in its turn leads to the alcohol intake of a pregnant girl, which is destructive for her future child. The problematic issue is whether the young girl will be able to go successfully through her pregnancy, as well as the proper bringing out and caring for the child. It is a well-known fact, that pregnancy is always a period of exaggerated emotions for the future mother, even if her conditions are optimal, which cannot be said about most pregnant adolescents. The time of pregnancy is the period of absolute physical and psychological changes, and these changes are even more vivid with the young teenage girls. Schonfeld and Mattson also write in their article: 'As a developmental phase, adolescence is positioned between childhood and adulthood. Conventional theory holds that adolescence is a time during which teenagers assert their sense of identity, rebelling from the control and authority of their parents. Thus, it is not unusual to encounter a high degree of emotional turmoil in the adolescent. When a teenager becomes pregnant, however, the continuity of both the physical and the psychological growth is abruptly interrupted.' (Schonfeld & Mattson 2005, p. 24) This is also one of the main causes for the pregnant girl drinking too much alcohol, which finally leads to the FAS and thus to the most negative consequences for the child. The psychological consequences of the adolescent pregnancy are various and vary in the wide range. Pregnancy is altering the conscience of the young girl, and thus she becomes preoccupied with different dreams and fantasies in relation to her future infant. But all these fantasies towards an adolescent are always much exaggerated, especially when the pregnancy was not planned (which is the most common situation). 'The emotional confusion that surfaces in the pregnant woman may also cause her to blur the boundaries between 'self' and 'other'. (Blos, 1980) With the child developing in the girl's body, their identities often tend to merge, which happens on psychological and also on the physical level. But this sense of merging will

Regulating the Employment Relation Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Regulating the Employment Relation - Case Study Example According to Working Time Regulation 1998, there is also the question of the total number of hours to be worked. If normal hours are35-40 and all the on-call hours were counted as working hours, the total would be 55-60, so there would need to be an exercise of the opt-out on the part of each employee. However, according to SIMAP, when the worker is in call work tasks will count as working hours. The Working Time Regulations state that working time is "any period during which a worker is working, at his or her employer's disposal and carrying out his or her activity or duties". However to opt-out Joshua few thinks need to consider such as according to statute law in the UK "an employee has the right not to be unfairly dismissed by his employer". But in this case the term of the contract itself unfair. According to Polkey v AE Dayton Services Ltd1, Polkey approach to procedure has however been superseded by the Employment Act 2002. The Act will introduce a new s.98A concerned with statutory dismissal. Before addressing the issue of fairness it will help to put the reasons for dismissal in context. Here there is a dual test; firstly did the employers' decision to dismiss fall with a "band of reasonable responses". Now the test is objective to determine fairness. It is essential to first consider the reason for dismissal before moving on to the concept of fairness. Different considerations apply to these different reasons. If an employer fails to make his reasons clear he will lose his case in the Employment Tribunal as he is unlikely to be able to show that it was potentially fair. Under s98 (1) (b) and s98 (2) Employment Rights Act 1996 the employer must prove that an employee was dismissed for a potentially fair reason. Here there is a dual test; firstly did the employers decision to dismiss fall with a 'band of reasonable responses Post Office v Foly; HSBC Bank v Madden2. Joshua will be given the right to unpaid paternity leave after one year 'subject to the requirements of the business, in the case of British Home Stores v Burchell3, it was held that if an employer held a belief of guilt of an employee, this must be based on reasonable grounds and subject to the employer having carried out as reasonable and practicable investigation into the matter as was possible in the circumstances. Again perhaps amore subjective test would be difficult to find. In Whitbread v Thomas, 4 it was held that the reasonableness of the employers conduct in the dismissal process required compliance with both a pre-dismissal procedure and the appeals process. In Hollister v NFU 5 which viewed procedural matters as merely one of a number of background factors, in the judicial stance towards procedural fairness by adopting what became known as the 'no difference rule. ' In W Devis & Sons v Atkins6 had sought to avoid with regard the reasonableness of the employers conduct and its effect upon the compensation payable. He added that "the British Labour Pump principle appears to have become established in practice without it being appreciated that it represented a fundamental departure from both basic principle and the earlier decisionsit is wrong in principle and undesirable in its practical effect", and that the only test of fairness of a dismissal is the reasonablenes

Discussed from Paperco, Inc. Essay Example for Free

Discussed from Paperco, Inc. Essay This case study is discussed from Paperco, Inc. point of view of whether they should avail the tax benefits and cost savings in replacing the mechanical drying equipment. Recommendation Based on the analysis below in this memo, Paperco should purchase new mechanical drying equipment now in advance in anticipation of the passage of new tax legislation. Purchasing the equipment now maintains a positive Net Present Value for the capital project if the legislation is not enacted, or if the new legislation is enacted and the capital project is contracted early enough so that it is grandfathered in. With tax legislation grandfathered, the project gets the benefit of the new lower corporate tax rate and the old ACRS depreciation method. Although when presented with this project one year ago in 1984, Paperco was able to be postponed this capital project since it was merely â€Å"moderately attractive†. The prospect of new tax legislation being enacted as rumored makes the Net Present Value of the project comparatively more positive if the tax law changes are enacted, so Paperco should act now before tax law changes make this project infeasible. Background In November 1985, Jane Rogers a marketing representative of Pressco, Inc. approached Paperco, Inc. to sell its mechanical drying equipment at a price of $2.9 million. This new equipment would replace less efficient facilities that had been placed in service late in December 1979. According to Roger, the total cost saving (exclusive of depreciation charges) from the proposed installation of new equipment amounted to $560,000 per year. Of this amount, $360,000 in savings was expected to come from more efficient fuel utilization. One year earlier, Rogers had been unsuccessful in interesting Paperco’s management in purchase of new equipment. Paperco felt that the investment in  new equipment as moderately attractive at that time. However, beginning 1986, new tax legislation had been rumored to: (1) eliminate the investment tax credit for new equipment; (2) extend depreciation lives for new equipment, and (3) reduce the corporate tax rate from 46% to 34%. Paperco’s senior management was concerned that the basic thrust in the firm’s sales of mechanical drying equipment. Paperco’s management suddenly expressed significant interest in moving forward with the purchase of new equipment and seemed anxious to sign a binding contract. Discussion and Analysis We need to analyze when is the best situation for Paperco, Inc. to replace the old facilities with new drying equipment that will enable the Company to avail greater tax benefits and cost savings. There are three alternative courses of action available to Paperco, Inc. to decide whether to buy the new drying equipment or not. I. Buy the new equipment yet no legislation is enacted Advantages Continue to use a 5 years ACRS depreciation model with higher depreciation expense Efficiency in operations due to new equipment Disadvantages Retain all tax credits due to using 5 year ACRS depreciation model in equipment with useful life of 7 years Tax rate continued at 46% II. Buy the new equipment when the new tax proposal is enacted and bind the contract soon enough to be grandfathered or before the enactment of the law Advantages Continue to use a 5 years ACRS depreciation model with higher depreciation expense Efficiency in operations due to new equipment Investment tax credit that will reduce Paperco’s taxes Tax rate reduced to 34% from 46% Disadvantages Depreciation life of the equipment will not be extended III. Buy the new equipment when the new proposed tax is enacted but do not bind the contract in time to be grandfathered or after the enactment of the law Advantages Efficiency in operations due to new equipment Tax rate reduced to 34% from 46% Depreciation life of the equipment will be extended by 2 years Disadvantages MACRS depreciation model will generate lower depreciation expenses than the ACRS depreciation model No investment tax credit due to binding the contract after the law was enacted Option I in which the rumored tax proposal is not enacted and that the new equipment replaces the old equipment in December 1986. Paperco would retain all tax credits due to the fact the machine has been in service for 84 months, and use a 5-year ACRS depreciation model for the new equipment. This option has a positive NPV of $2,619,745. Option II in which the new tax proposal is enacted. The new equipment is installed in December 1986. Paperco signs a binding contract soon enough to be â€Å"grandfathered†, this allows Paperco to receive the 8% tax credit and use ACRS depreciation. At the same time, their tax rate would fall to 34%. Paperco would benefit from this more favorable â€Å"grandfathered† tax approach. Option II has a positive NPV of $3,414,104. Option III in which the new tax proposal is enacted and Paperco installs the new equipment in December 1986, but they do not sign a binding contract in time to be â€Å"grandfathered† and receive the 8% invest ment tax credit and use ACRS depreciation. The company will use MACRS and a depreciation period of 7 years. The NPV of the project with this timing and structure is $3,228,044. Without the â€Å"grandfathered† tax allowance, the new tax legislation makes the project unattractive based on lower Net Present Value. Calculations Re-affirmation There are three options available to Paperco, Inc. with respect to this capital investment: Option I: New legislation is passed and Paperco qualifies for â€Å"grandfathering,† Option II: New legislation is passed and Paperco does not qualify for â€Å"grandfathering,† Option III: Buy the new equipment when the new proposed tax is enacted but do not bind the contract in time to be grandfathered or after the enactment of the law Last year (1984) investment in new drying equipment pursuant to Option I was not pursued despite its attractiveness as a viable capital project, perhaps because it was possible that a better alternative might arise. However, given the impending tax legislation, the possible alternatives are now known, and they are not good. Under the new tax legislation without grandfathering, the project is not viable. Paperco should invest in the new equipment (with binding contract) because not doing so soon enough, the project will not a viable alternative, while investing in the equipment is a viable alternative (i.e., the Net Present Value of the project in Option II is higher than other alternatives).

The Increasingly Competitive Business Environment Marketing Essay

The Increasingly Competitive Business Environment Marketing Essay The increasingly competitive business environment is due to the tremendous increase of organizations is pressing businesses to rethink its marketing philosophy, in order to stand out from the crowded and information overload global environment. Many marketing concepts and philosophies are suggested, by theoreticians, academicians, practitioners and consultants. In this writing, the most basic but practical marketing concepts and ideas will be introduced. These concepts and models are powerful as it is straightforward, rational and have been applied successfully in many business contexts. The effective marketing concepts to be introduced and discussed here is the Segmentation-Targeting-Positioning Value Delivery Process and the 4P Marketing Mix framework. For practicality purposes, a case study on these subjects will also be presented, to understand how these concepts are being applied successfully in the real life. Recommendations on how to further improve marketing activities are al so presented later. The article conclude with acknowledgement that although complicated marketing theories and frameworks are available, successfully executing the fundamentals and marketing principles is already sufficient to ensure a company to achieve competitive advantages in the marketplace. LITERATURE REVIEW The Concepts and Definition of Marketing Theoretically, marketing is a broad term dealing with identifying and delivering value to human and society. Marketing is about meeting human and society needs, and from the business standpoints, to meeting those needs in a profitable manner. There are various definitions concerning the subject of marketing. For example, a widely cited definition of marketing as defined by the American Marketing Association is as follow: marketing is an organizational function and a set of processes for creating, communicating, and delivering value to customers and for managing customer relationships in ways that benefits the organization and its stakeholder. Some researchers argue that such a definition is commercial-oriented and have been proposing a marketing definition that is more socially oriented. From the sociology perspective, marketing is the process whereby individuals or a team of individuals attain their needs by creating, promoting and exchanging valuable products and services with one another. Generally, in today business environment, there are three broad categories of marketing concept. All of these concepts are based on a customer-oriented and sense-and-respond selling philosophy. The first type of marketing concept is called the reactive market orientation concept, where a company tries to understand and meet the customers expressed needs. The second type of marketing concept is the proactive marketing orientation concept, where the company takes initiative to understand the hidden needs of customers and find ways to meet those untold needs. Lastly, the third one is the total marketing orientation concept, where the company will practice both the reactive and proactive marketing philosophy in delivering values to the society. Marketing is essentially a process to create, deliver and satisfy consumers or customers needs and wants. The entire marketing process is thus often described as a value delivery process where it is concerning about how an organization create and deliver its value proposition to the society. There are various philosophy and perspectives in defining how an organization should deliver value to the society. Generally speaking, the value creation and delivery process contain three stages. The first stage is to choose the specific value proposition. In this stage, the market must perform comprehensive researches on the marketplace before he can expect to successfully deliver valuable goods and services to the marketplace. The STP formula is a widely known marketing concept in this stage, where STP stands for segmentation, targeting and positioning. Specifically, the marketer must segment the market, select the relevant market target and then to develop the value offerings positioning. In the second stage, marketer provides value to the society. The concepts of marketing mix, namely the 4P or the 7P framework is often applied here. In this stage, marketer decides how he is going to provide the value to society from the products, price, place, and promotion dimensions. In the t hird stage, the market must communicate the value proposition to the society, and this can be done through promotion, advertising, sales force, branding and even by exercising Corporate Social responsibility in the marketplace. The STP Process Segmentation, Targeting and Positioning According to Kotler et. al. (2004), the formula of STP, namely segmentation, targeting and positioning is the essence of strategic marketing. As mentioned before, the three steps are important for a marketer to plan how the value offered is to be delivered to the society. The paragraphs below will discuss these steps in details. Market Segmentation. Market segmentation is an adaptive strategy. It consists of the partition of the market with the purpose of selecting one or more market segments which the organization can target through the development of specific marketing mixes that adapt to particular market needs. But market segmentation need not be a purely adaptive strategy: The process of market segmentation can also consist of the selection of those segments for which a firm might be particularly well suited to serve by having competitive advantages relative to competitors in the segment, reducing the cost of adaptation in order to gain a niche. This application of market segmentation serves the purpose of developing competitive scope, which can have a powerful effect on competitive advantage because it shapes the configuration of the value chain. Through market segmentation the firm can provide higher value to customers by developing a market mix that addresses the specific needs and concerns of the se lected segment. Targeting. Once the firm has chosen a market segment it must choose a generic competitive strategy. At this point it is also necessary to review the selected strategy across segments and explore general strategic approaches. In some cases it might become apparent that a counter-segmentation strategy is applicable. In other cases, the development of distinct mixes for each segment uncovers inconsistencies or lack of resources at the corporate level and so it is necessary to revert to the segment evaluation stage. According to Kotler (2004) the only sustainable generic strategy in a segmented market is differentiation. He explains that the only other generic competitive strategy alternative (low cost) is not sustainable in a segmented market. In addition, a strategy successful at differentiating must generate customer value, provide perceived value, and be difficult to copy. At this point in the process the company selects those ways in which it will distinguish itself from its competi tors. In most cases the differentiation involves multiple elements. One way to differentiate is through brand equity building. A strategy based on brand is likely to be sustainable because it creates competitive barriers. A brand strategy permits the strategist to work with complex concepts and not limit the differentiation strategy to just a few competitive differences. This approach is consistent and reinforces the STP approach. A successful brand strategy builds barriers to protect the selected position by creating associations of the positioning variables with the brand name in the prospects mind. Positioning. According to researchers, the positioning strategy should include three components: customer targets, which are the product of the segmentation study; competitor targets, which are a product of the analysis of external environment; and competitive advantage, which is also a product of the environmental analysis. In developing the positioning objective, researcher is arguing that positioning is not what you do to the product, but what you do to the mind. Understanding how the mind receives, stores or rejects information will improve the chances of making the positioning objective coincide with actual positioning in the target audience. Marketing Mix The 7P marketing Mix Framework is a famous and practical tool widely used by researchers or practitioners. In the following section, all these elements of 7P will be discussed in details. Product. This is about defining the characteristics of your product or service to meet the customers needs. It must provide value to a customer but does not have to be tangible at the same time. Basically, it involves introducing new products or improvising the existing products. Price: This is about deciding on a pricing strategy. Even if you decide not to charge for a service, it is useful to realize that this is still a pricing strategy. Identifying the total cost to the user (which is likely to be higher than the charge you make) is a part of the price element. Pricing must be competitive and must entail profit. The pricing strategy can comprise discounts, offers and the like. Lots of factors affect the end price of a product, for example, the costs of production or the business need to maximize profits or sales. A products price also needs to provide value for money in the market and attract consumers to buy. There are several pricing strategies that a business can use: (a) Cost based pricing this can either simply cover costs or include an element of profit; it focuses on the product and does not take account of consumers, (b) Penetration price an initial low price to ensure that there is a high volume of purchases and market share is quickly won; Thi s strategy encourages consumers to develop a habit of buying, and (c) Price skimming an initial high price for a unique product encouraging those who want to be first to buy to pay a premium price; This strategy helps a business to gain maximum revenue before a competitors product reaches the market. Promotion. Promotion is how the business tells customers that products are available and persuades them to buy. Promotion is either above-the-line or below-the-line. Above-the-line promotion is directly paid for, for example TV or newspaper advertising. Below-the-line is where the business uses other promotional methods to get the product message across: (a) Events or trade fairs help to launch a product to a wide audience. Events may be business to consumer (B2C) whereas trade fairs are business to business (B2B), (b) Direct mail can reach a large number of people but is not easy to target specific consumers cost-effectively, (c) Public relations (PR) includes the different ways a business can communicate with its stakeholders, through, for example, newspaper press releases. Other PR activities include sponsorship of high profile events like Formula 1 or the World Cup, as well as donations to or participation in charity events, (d) Branding a strong and consistent brand identity di fferentiates the product and helps consumers to understand and trust the product. This aims to keep consumers buying the product long-term, and (e) Sales promotions, for example competitions or sampling, encourage consumers to buy products in the short-term. Public Relations are included within Promotion by many marketing people (though PR people tend to see it as a separate discipline). It includes the various ways of communicating to the customers of what the company has to offer. It is about communicating about the benefits of using a particular product or service rather than just talking about its features. Place/ distribution channel. Place refers to: (a) how the product arrives at the point of sale. This means a business must think about what distribution strategies it will use and (b) where a product is sold. This includes retail outlets like supermarkets or high street shops. It also includes other ways in which businesses make products directly available to their target market, for example, through direct mail or the Internet. People. Good information services are not likely to be delivered by people who are unskilled or de-motivated; People refer to the customers, employees, management and everybody else involved in it. It is essential for everyone to realize that the reputation of the brand that you are involved with is in the peoples hands. Process. This is about the way in which the user gets hold of the service (e.g., the way in which a document or a search can be ordered). It refers to the methods and process of providing a service and is hence essential to have a thorough knowledge on whether the services are helpful to the customers, if they are provided in time, if the customers are informed in hand about the services and many such things. Physical evidence. It refers to the experience of using a product or service. When a service goes out to the customer, it is essential that you help him see what he is buying or not. For example- brochures, pamphlets etc serve this purpose. It is the material part of a service. Strictly speaking there are no physical attributes to a service, so a consumer tends to rely on material cues. There are many examples of physical evidence, including some of the following: packaging; internet/web pages; paperwork (such as invoices, tickets and dispatch notes); brochures; furnishings; signage (such as those on aircraft and vehicles); uniforms; business cards; the companys building and etc. CASE STUDY: NIVEA Introduction to the Company NIVEAÂ ® is an established name in high quality skin and beauty care products. It is part of a range of brands produced and sold by Beiersdorf. Beiersdorf, founded in 1882, has grown to be a global company specializing in skin and beauty care. In the UK, Beiersdorfs continuing goal is to have its products as close as possible to its consumers, regardless of where they live. Its aims are to understand its consumers in its many different markets and delight them with innovative products for their skin and beauty care needs. This strengthens the trust and appeal of Beiersdorf brands. The business prides itself on being consumer-led and this focus has helped it to grow NIVEA into one of the largest skin care brands in the world. Beiersdorfs continuing programme of market research showed a gap in the market. This led to the launch of NIVEA VISAGEÂ ® Young in 2005 as part of the NIVEA VISAGE range offering a comprehensive selection of products aimed at young women. It carries the strength of the NIVEA brand image to the target market of girls aged 13-19. NIVEA VISAGE Young helps girls to develop a proper skin care routine to help keep their skin looking healthy and beautiful. The market can be developed by creating a good product/range and introducing it to the market (product-orientated approach) or by finding a gap in the market and developing a product to fill it (market-orientated approach). Having identified a gap in the market, Beiersdorf launched NIVEA VISAGE Young using an effective balance of the right product, price, promotion and place. This is known as the marketing mix or four Ps. It is vital that a company gets the balance of these four elements correct so that a product will achieve its critica l success factors. Beiersdorf needed to develop a mix that suited the product and the target market as well as meeting its own business objectives. Analysis on the Marketing Mix of NIVEA Product The first stage in building an effective mix is to understand the market. NIVEA uses market research to target key market segments which identifies groups of people with the same characteristics such as age/gender/attitude/lifestyle. The knowledge and understanding from the research helps in the development of new products. NIVEA carries out its market research with consumers in a number of different ways. These include, (a) using focus groups to listen to consumers directly; (b) gathering data from consumers through a variety of different research techniques; and (c) product testing with consumers in different markets. Beiersdorfs market research identified that younger consumers wanted more specialized face care aimed at their own age group that offered a beautifying benefit, rather than a solution to skin problems. NIVEA VISAGE Young is a skin care range targeted at girls who do not want medicated products but want a regime for their normal skin. Competitor products tend to be problem focused and offer medicated solutions. This gives NIVEA competitive advantage. NIVEA VISAGE Young provides a unique bridge between the teenage market and the adult market. The company improved the product to make it more effective and more consumer-friendly. Beiersdorf tested the improved products on a sample group from its target audience before finalizing the range for re-launch. This testing resulted in a number of changes to existing products. Improvements included: (a) Changing the formula of some products. For example, it removed alcohol from one product and used natural sea salts and minerals in others, (b) I ntroducing two completely new products, (c) a new modern pack design with a flower pattern and softer colors to appeal to younger women, (d) Changing product descriptions and introducing larger pack sizes. Each of these changes helped to strengthen the product range, to better meet the needs of the market. Price As NIVEA VISAGE Young is one of the leading skin care ranges meeting the beautifying needs of this market segment, it is effectively the price leader. This means that it sets the price level that competitors will follow or undercut. NIVEA needs to regularly review prices should a competitor enter the market at the market growth point of the product life cycle to ensure that its pricing remains competitive. The pricing strategy for NIVEA is not the same as that of the retailers. It sells products to retailers at one price. However, retailers have the freedom to use other strategies for sales promotion. These take account of the competitive nature of the high street. They may use: (a) loss leader: the retailer sells for less than it cost to attract large volume of sales, for example by supermarkets, and (b) discounting alongside other special offers, such as Buy one, get one free (BOGOF) or two for one. Place NIVEA VISAGE Young aims to use as many relevant distribution channels as possible to ensure the widest reach of its products to its target market. The main channels for the product are retail outlets where consumers expect to find skin care ranges. Around 65% of NIVEA VISAGE Young sales are through large high street shops such as Boots and Superdrug. Superdrug is particularly important for the young-end market. The other 35% of sales mainly comes from large grocery chains that stock beauty products, such as ASDA, Tesco and Sainsburys. Market research shows that around 20% of this younger target market buys products for themselves in the high street stores when shopping with friends. Research also shows that the majority of purchasers are actually made by mums, buying for teenagers. Mums are more likely to buy the product from supermarkets whilst doing their grocery shopping. NIVEA distributes through a range of outlets that are cost effective but that also reach the highest number of consumers. Its distribution strategies also consider the environmental impact of transport. It uses a central distribution point in the UK. Products arrive from European production plants using contract vehicles for efficiency for onward delivery to retail stores. Beiersdorf does not sell direct to smaller retailers as the volume of products sold would not be cost effective to deliver but it uses wholesalers for these smaller accounts. It does not sell directly through its website as the costs of producing small orders would be too high. However, the retailers like Tesco, feature and sell the NIVEA products in their online stores. Promotion NIVEA chooses promotional strategies that reflect the lifestyle of its audience and the range of media available. It realizes that a one way message, using TV or the press, is not as effective as talking directly to its target group of consumers. Therefore NIVEA does not plan to use any above-the-line promotion for NIVEA VISAGE Young. The promotion of NIVEA VISAGE Young is consumer-led. Using various below-the-line routes, NIVEA identifies ways of talking to teenagers (and their mums) directly. A key part of the strategy is the use of product samples. These allow customers to touch, feel, smell and try the products. Over a million samples of NIVEA VISAGE Young products will be given away during 2008. These samples will be available through the website, samples in stores or in goody bags given out at VISAGE roadshows up and down the country. NIVEA VISAGE Young launched an interactive online magazine called FYI (Fun, Young Independent) to raise awareness of the brand. The concept behind the magazine is to give teenage girls the confidence to become young women and to enjoy their new-found independence. Communication channels are original and engaging to enable teenagers to identify with NIVEA VISAGE Young. The magazine focuses on first time experiences relating to NIVEA VISAGE Young being their first skincare routine. It is promoted using the Hit40UK chart show and the TMF digital TV channel. Discussions on NIVEA Marketing Mix NIVEA VISAGE Young is a skincare range in the UK market designed to enhance the skin and beauty of the teenage consumer rather than being medicated to treat skin problems. As such, it has created a clear position in the market. This shows that NIVEA understands its consumers and has produced this differentiated product range in order to meet their needs. To bring the range to market, the business has put together a marketing mix. This mix balances the four elements of product, price, place and promotion. The mix uses traditional methods of place, such as distribution through the high street, alongside more modern methods of promotion, such as through social networking sites. It makes sure that the message of NIVEA VISAGE Young reaches the right people in the right way. RECOMMENDATIONS All aspects of the marketing mix must function together as a whole in order to create a useful marketing campaign and get a product the sales it needs. The marketing mix must suit the company and the products it sells. Luxury items like mp3 players must have a good promotional campaign, be a quality product, be distributed in all the needed places and also have a competitive price that shows its value. This marketing strategy is extremely important to the success of a particular good or service which in turn could determine the success of the organization in the future. When marketing managers attempt to develop and manage their product it is extremely important that they look at various different aspects. Firstly, they must look at those relating to the marketing mix: which the company has control over because they are able to develop their marketing strategies depending on the consumers needs and wants. Then, managers should also investigate those that make up the marketing environ ment: which include elements that the company has little or no control of e. g. certain government rules and regulations. Thirdly, a market opportunity analysis should also be performed: this exists when a company is given the chance to take action towards researching a particular group of customers. Fourthly, it is critical to research on the subject of target market selection: which involves selecting a group of potential customers for whom a firm creates and maintains a marketing mix that specifically fits the needs and wants of that particular group. Last but not least, the process of Marketing Management should be applied: this is the process of planning, organizing, implementing, and controlling marketing activities to facilitate changes effectively and efficiently. By using this type of marketing strategy organizations are given the opportunity to market a very successful product, so it would be true to say that the marketing mix and its manipulation are vital for the success of a business. However, their good or service may only be successful if the organization provides products that satisfy consumers needs and wants through a coordinated set of activities that also allow the organization to achieve its goals. Customer satisfaction should be the major aim of the marketing concept. But the process does not end here because the organization should continue to alter, adapt and develop products to keep pace with customers changing desires and preferences. Organizations should be aware of the importance of customers and release that marketing activities begin and end with the customer. In attempting to satisfy customers, businesses must consider not only the short and medium term needs but also the long term desires as it is vital to the long term success of the business and probably the best way to do this would be to link the different departments of the company together i.e. Production, Finance, Accounting, Personnel etc A company adopting this particular marketing strategy must not only satisfy its consumers preferences but it also must achieve the objectives that it hoped to achieve by using this strategy. The best way of achieving your objectives is to satisfy the customer and an adequate marketing mix strategy is an excellent way to satisfy the customer who means that implementing the marketing mix strategy should benefit the organization as well as the consumer. CONCLUSION In short, we have seen how the traditional, simple but highly practical method of 4P framework is used successfully in our case study. The concepts of STP and Marketing Mix is very important in assisting managers to plan for marketing efforts to local and international market, and in fact, such a framework serves as the founding principles for development of more complex and advanced marketing strategies in the modern days. These concepts are not only theorectical popular and widely taught in business schools, but are also useful in practice, in analysis or planning successful marketing campaign or strategies for organizations.

Analysis of Web Service Efficiency

Analysis of Web Service Efficiency Abstract Web service standards used nowadays are Extensible Markup Language based and the important technology in communication between heterogeneous applications are over Internet. Thereby selecting an efficient web services among numerous options satisfying client requirements has become a challenging and time consuming road block. The path for the optimal execution of all the user request is done using the Hidden Markov Model (HMM). The results have shown how our proposed methodology can help the user to select the most reliable web service available. Our analysis is about creating a cost effective servicing mechanism for web services, if effectively implemented this concept will reduce the need for network engineers in maintenance of web services. As a result of the parallelism technique used in this analysis significant reduction in RT and increase in composition speed has been observed. Keywords: Hidden Markov Model (HMM), Extensible Markup Language, Web Services, Service Quality Architecture (SQA)   1. Introduction In the Service Web the feedback of customers constitutes a substantial component of Web Service trustworthiness and reputation, this in turn affects the consumer service uptake in the future. All that we presents here is an approach to predict and assess the various reputations that are prevalent in the services oriented environment that is prevalent. All the web services enable computer-computer (c2c) communication in a heterogeneous environment, hence they are very suitable for an environment such as the internet. People can use the standardized web service model for rapid design, implement and extended applications. Many enterprises and corporations provide different web services to be more responsive and cost-effective. All activities that are composite services in nature may be defined by the graphs of control flow and the after coming data graphs. As a service provider, the foremost importance is for the bound(upper), the mean RT of a request given some request load and some architectural environment. Furthermore, this computation should be only performed before the actual deployment and usage of the service. In exceptional cases of service thats of composite nature this performance of the service depends on only the hypotheses about all the invoked service that are elementary in nature. Component approaches another very important benefit is reuse. In the web service definition language all the service that are of elementary nature are conceptually limited to relatively very simple features that can be only modeled by a collection of operations that co exist. Moreover, in due to the application kind its very much necessary to combine a set of all the web services into a single composite web servic e. All of the proposed methodology exploits is the ideas from the Software Architecture- and Component-based approaches to software design. The process of web service selection and discovery of system is essential to provide the clients with proper results and that fulfills their requirements. Its impossible for anybody to fulfill the task without considering all the ranking relations that exist between thousands of various available candidates that have similar functionalities. Thus, ranking is a fundamental process of a Web service selection system, as this integrates all the results thats gathered from previous stages and presents them to those requested. This paper is focused on the various ranking process by considering users SQA requirements. Hidden Markov Model (HMM) A Hidden Markov Model is very well related to the study of how likely or unlikely things are going to happen in the graphical model that is available and well suited in dealing with a sequence of data that are related. The very basic way of thinking this is that we have a set of states, but the road block is we wouldnt know the state directly (this is the reason that makes it hidden). Instead of this, we can only make a state, but we are not in position to tell the state of proceedings for sure. Addition to this is that there are changes (from one thing to another) that is in between states. Each of the change (from one thing to another) between the states is also called as a chance. Sometimes these are known, sometimes they are not known. These states are very flexible instrument that can be put to use not just for clarification purpose but also for (division of something to smaller parts) the purpose and even to create or see or hear things that arent there data. The property of ge nerative works by training a model on this data and then randomly creating chances of (instance of watching, noticing or making a statement) and change (from one thing to another). In this way, you can create data using a hidden markov model. 2.1 Definition Our model of HMM is defined by specifying the following variables: X = {x1, x2, , xn} = set of states Z ={z1, z2, , zm} = the output alphabet à Ã¢â€š ¬(i) = probability of being in state xi at time t = 0 A = transitional probability = {aij}, where aij= P r[entering state xj at time t + 1 | in state xiat time t]. Note that the probabilities of going from state i to state j doesnt depend on the previous states at earlier times. B = output probability ={bj(k)}, where bj(k) = P r[zk at time t | in state xj at time t]. For the purpose of giving an example, lets say that we have two biased coins, which we are ipping, and an observer is seeing the results of our coin ips (not which coin were ipping). In fact, suppose that what we are actually doing can be described by Figure1.Here, the states of the HMM are q1 and q2 (the coins), the output alphabet is fH; Tg, and the transition and output probabilities are as labeled. If we let(q1)=1and(q2) = 0 then the following is a example of a possible transition sequence and output sequence for the HMM in the following diagram. We can easily calculate probabilities for the following events. 1. The probability of the above transition sequence: Pr[x1x1x1x2x2x1x1]= à Ã¢â€š ¬(x1)a11a11a12a22a21a11à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‹â€  0.025 The probability of the above output sequence given the above transition sequence: Pr[HHTTTTH]|(x1x1x1x2x2x1x1)] = 2/3,2/3,1/3,5/ 6,1/3 ,2/3 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‹â€ 0.023 The probability of the above output sequenceandtheabovetransition sequence: Pr[(HHTTTTH)^(x1x1x1x2x2x1x1)] à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‹â€  (0.025).(0.023) à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‹â€  5.7 ÃÆ'- 10-4 2.2 HMM Applications Classification: speech recognition (time series), handwriting recognition (sequence of points), patterns and motifs in DNA (sequence of characters), analyzing video sequences. Modeling transitions: road snapping to work out which segment the user was most likely on (a sequence of points). Generation: text to speech (another time series application). Calculating the transition probability depends on the problem you are trying to address. In some cases (e.g. road snapping) you can compute it directly from the data. If you know the observation probabilities, then working out the transition probabilities is relatively easy (it comes down to finding the path that maximizes the observation probabilities and doing a count to get a measure of the transition probabilities). The most popular of all probability estimation approaches for HMM is the Baum-Welch algorithm, which allows the estimation of both observation and transition probabilities simultaneously. 3. Service Quality Architecture (SQA) The most important Service Quality Architecture that is used in this paper are RT, cost of execution, availability of space, all the reputation and the successful rate of execution. The RT can be defined in quite a few ways. For instance, RT can be stated as the time in between the sending of request and that of receiving the response. This is the period that involves all the receiving request of message time, QT(queuing time), ET(execution time) and receiving RT by the requester. Measuring these time sections is very difficult because they depend on network conditions. Alternatively, it can be measured as the time between receiving request by service provider and sending response to service requestor. This time it includes QT and ET only affected by the workload of the web service. This is the value that must be continuously updated in each and every web services because of the work load thats of changing nature and web service may change during the work time. Execution cost of this process is a fee received by the service provider from the service requestor during each and every execution. The fee for this is determined solely by the service provider and can change due to the web service providers financial policy at that moment. The availability is a very important degree, that is a web service is accessible and ready for immediate use at any given point. From service requester for each execution. This fee is determined by service provider and may change according to web service providers financial policy. Availability is the degree that a web service is accessible and ready for immediate use. 3.1 SQA Notations The Service Quality Architecture used in this paper is summarized in Table1: SQA Description RT It is the time between receiving and sending request EC Execution cost request Availability Up time Up time down time Reputation Repi Total no.of usage Successful ER No.of successful request Total no.of request Descriptions of notations used in this paper are as follow: m: number of tasks. n: number of candidate web services for each task. pi: i-th atomic process of a composition schema (1 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ ià ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ m). wsij: j-th candidate web service for the ith atomic process, (1 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ ià ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ m , 1 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ j à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ n). d: index of SQA . wd: weight of the d-th SQA constraint defined by a client. Cond:permissiblevalueofthe d-th SQA (constraints). Aggd: aggregated value of the d-th S Q A of a composition plan. bij: binary decision variable (0 or 1). If bij=1 then j-th candidate web service is selected for i-th process. 3.1 Aggregation Value of SQA Generally, composition plans are constituted from serial, cycle, XOR-parallel and AND-parallel execution patterns. According to the definition of SQA, the aggregative value of web service composition is calculated regarding to its workflow pattern. The description and aggregation values of workflow patterns are discussed below. For the negative criteria, all the values are scaled to equation 2. For positive criteria, all the values are scaled to equation 1. In our paper the values of n SQA attributes of a service S as a vector: Qs = (Qs1, Qs2, ,Qsn) are modeled and all the value of SQA requirement requested by a consumer are vector Qr = (Qr1, Qr2,Qrn) are considered. All the consumers preference values thus are set on SQA attribute that are each in a vector pr = (pr1,pr2,,prn)where pri[1,n].Thus if a consumer has no preferences over an attribute, n will be considered the default preference value for that specific parameter. Related Works The times of server for the database of composite nature Web services have been examined in full detail, this follows the fork-join execution model. The proposal of the author here is that while performing a join operation or execution, the servers with slow RTs will be eliminated to maximize the performance of the server. All the work here is the more orientation towards examination of the fork-join model thereby to understand the resulting merger of data from various servers. All the work in this domain regarding the performance of the Web services is more inclined towards the composite web services and their RT. When the execution of a composite service that have been examined as a fork-join model. Thus here in the model of the states that a single application in the Internet that invokes many different Web services that are in parallel and thereby gathers their responses and from all the launched services to return thereby, all the results to a client are not affected in general. The perfect explanation of the fork and the join system, that is under some hypothesis is to be found. This hypothesis states that the number of servers that is equal to 2, when the job arrival is in the Poisson process and that the task are in exponential service time distribution in general. The great scientist Nelson and Tantawi proposed that an approximation in the case where all the number of servers is much greater or equal to that of 2 and a homogeneous and exponential servers. After which, a more general case that is presented is where the arrival and service process are general in nature. Particle Swarm Optimization (PSQ, Interactive Evolutionary Computation(IEC),) and Differential evolution (DE) are the major 3 evolutionary algorithm that are on focus in this paper. When IEC is the suitable algorithm for discrete optimization (DO), PSO and DE that offer the continuous optimization are more natural. In this paper we give an introduction to all the 3 similar type of EA techniques to highlight all the common procedures of computation. The most common one we have is the observations in the similarities and differences among the 3 algorithms that are based on various computational steps that are discussed here contrasting to their basic performances. Overall the summary of the literatures discussed is given on the location allocation, flexibility in job shop, multimode resource project that have scheduling road blocks and vehicle routing constraints. 4.1 Average RT Calculation The average RT calculation is a measure of the time that an Enterprise Server consumes in order to return the result that is correct and needed. The RT gets affected by numerous factors such as the quantity of user, bandwidth of network thats available at that point of time, average think time of the server and the basic request type submitted to the server. Here in this section, the RT refers to the average or mean RT. Each and every type of the request has own minimal RT. Even though, when during the evaluation or the testing of the system performance, RT is based on the analysis of average RT of all the requests that is sent to the server. More faster the RT of web service, the more requests/min are being processed overall. However, as the number of users on the system rises, the RT starts to rise proportionally, all though the number of request/min decreases. The below mentioned graph of the system performance of all the server indicates that after a point, the requests/min are inversely proportional to RT. The more sharper the downfall in the requests/min, the steeper the increase in RT. The below mentioned figure clearly point at peak load which is when there quests/min starts to fall. Before this point, RT calculations are not precisely done and was not necessary because they do not use the peak numbers in the formula. But from now on, this point in the graph, the admin is more precisely calculated RT by using maximum number of users and requests/min. The formula used above is calculated using the below method and notations. Tresponse, thats the RT(in seconds) at peak load: Tresponse = n/r Tthink No.of con-current users is denoted by n No. of requests/sec that the server receives is denoted by r The avg think time (in sec) is denoted by Tthink The think time is always included in the equation to get a precise and accurate RT result. If n is max, then the system supports at peak load is6,500/second. r is at peak load, then the system can process at peak load is 2,770/second. The avg think time, Tthink, is 5 sec/request. Therefore RT is calculated by the following formula: Tresponse = n/r Tthink = (5000/ 1000) 3 sec. = 5 3 sec. Thus, the RT is 2 seconds. Application Server performances critical factors are RT, along with throughput. Everything after the systems RT is being calculated at the peak load. 5. Proposed Methodology Optimal web service composition plan that is a composition plans of this road block is very large (nm), is proposed in our paper that presents an approach to find and improve GA that are presented, it quickly converges all the appropriate composition plan. The Tabu search that is being used for generating the neighbor plans and are simulated annealing the heuristic that is applied for accepting or rejecting the neighbor plan. In this phase, all the services thats located after the users requirement will be deleted. Thereby, the remaining services that fulfill the user request. Now among these services, a service with the higher score will be selected. We have proposed the Tabu search and the simulated annealing (SA) that is a constrained satisfaction based approach. Yet, the approach has a high possibility of not completing the local optimum because it is unable to work on more than 1 composition plan simultaneously. We presented an approach in which genetic algorithm is used to find the optimal composition plan. The SA method applies progressive updates to the further generation and the selection of chromosomes to increment the speed of the algorithm performance. Thus, Self-orchestration explains all the Interaction between and within the services that itself orchestrates, before doing anything it actually does the execution. One of the primary languages for the defining self choreographies is the Web Service Choreography Description Language. When this is used partial initialization of chromosomes to escape all the local optimums in general. After all, this proposed method will works on a test sample of composition plans, which is on the contrary to the Tabu method. The different composition approaches that describes the different composition models is provided, which are self-orchestration, self-choreography, self-coordination and part of the component. Self-Orchestration is a description of how the services that participate in the composition of interaction at the message level, including the various order in which iterations that possibly should be executed as well as the business logic. Fig 1: Values of All Web Services and Tasks 5.1 Proposed Design The following diagram shows the activity functions. By using the database it will show all the relevant content to the user. And it tells about the flow of activity of each object. Activity diagram is another important diagram to describe dynamic aspects of the system. Its basically a flow chart that represent the flow from one activity to next activity. In this case the following diagram consist of Server, User, database, checking various query and Sub query. Each actor will perform certain function to achieve the desired goal. First a user enters into a system by providing correct user name and password. After this we will be able to type the query. A use case diagram in its simplest form is a representation of a users interaction with the all the system and depicting the various specifications of a use case. This should be noted that the process of filtering all the web services consists of functional match making and non-functional matchmaking as well. In functional matchmaking, all the web services that have different functionalities from the client are filtered out fully and on the other hand, in non- functional matchmaking, the web services that dont have the appropriate quality are only eliminated. At this stage, the candidate web services for each task are selected. Now the details of the user are fetched into the web agent memory or a temporary storage allocation site. Further the web agents analysis the various web applications in order to finalize the optimal web servers and the resulting information are displayed with user comments and reviews. Fig 2: Flowchart The below diagram tells about the different sequence we are following to make a user to view his related content. In this diagram contain different object like User, database, Validate, relevant and web access. And it tells about the flow of sequence between the objects. A sequence diagram is a kind of interaction diagram that shows how processes operate with one another and in what order. It is a construct of a Message Sequence Chart. The user inputs the login details and connects through we access which are then linked to the time and review request. Now, web agent analysis the various requests from the web applications and provides the information regarding the time and review and gives the possible details to the user. Fig 3: Sequence Diagram In recent years, the application of web-based systems in institutions and government agencies is increasing. Introduction of web services is an effective approach in business structures to provide the required capabilities of service providers for services composition. Selecting the precise user service based on the users request is primarily based upon the service quality of the available web services. Several different methods have been suggested to solve the road block of web services composition based on qualitative characteristics. These methods can be divided into two types of exact methods and approximate methods. The first type is known as non-innovative methods which selects the best design from all available designs by examining and calculating the candidates routes and thus provide a more precise answer. In the second type or innovative methods, contrary to the first type, an ideal design that is close to the best and most accurate answer will be chosen. The below mentioned graph that actually compares the various web services that are available in that field and displays its performance based on RT and user reviews that are given. Fig 4: Resulting Graph Due to the importance of optimal composition of web services in recent years, a lot of works have been done in the field of each method. By studying various types of innovative algorithm, one can conclude that many road blocks still exist to solve in web services composition based on qualitative characteristics. For instance, each of these methods usually have local optimality road block alone or in genetic algorithm that are non complex and basic, the crossover type and the operation of mutation acts randomly and without any guidance, which leads to degeneration of the method. Therefore, efforts to improve efficiency such as using combined methods, operators like revolution operator or adding functions to improve were performed. These techniques are provided for better speed, faster convergence, and higher efficiency in large spaces. Based on the mentioned studies, there is no specific benchmark tool for evaluating the algorithm. Although some researchers used different simulation environments or different data to compare them with each other, the results show that different methods have different disadvantages and they do not have any specific standard. Skyline algorithm method and parallelism technique are used in this proposed method in order to provide the best composition with regard to the shortest RT in high scalability. Conclusion For the purpose of retaining their client all the web services first priority is maintaining Service Quality. This paper pays attention to the RTs of composite Web service that plays a very important role in attaining service quality in web services.. We propose a heuristic model for predicting RT of web service and thereby selecting an optimal web service at the runtime from the list of functionally similar web services. For the purpose of the probabilistic instances of Web Services. We have used Hidden Markov Model. Our model has been made with the assumption of Web Services that is deployed on a cluster of web servers and thereby sometime the delayer crash during WS invocation happens which is because the bad node in sever clustering responds to request of the user. By using HMM where ever needed we have predicted the probabilistic nature and predicted the behavior of these web servers and then selected the Web Services based on their optimal probabilistic value. An approach is proposed to solve the Service Quality Architecture aware Web Service selection road block. To avoid this problem, an SQA based algorithm is presented that will reveal all selection leading to the results thats very close to optimal, efficient solution. This process in arriving at the solution is also done at a rapid speed which is worth mentioning. 7. Reference SalehieTahvildari L. Selfadaptive software: Landscape research challenges. ACM Transactions on Autonomous and Adaptive Systems. 2009;4:1-42. T.Rajendran, P.Balasubramanie. An efficient architecture for agent-based dynamic web service discovery with SQA. Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology; Islamabad Pakistan. 2010 May; 15(2). J.Cardoso, et al. Quality of service in workflows and Web service processes: Web Semantics Science, Services and Agents on the WorldWideWeb.2004; 1:281-308. CardelliniV, et al. MOSES: A framework for QOS driven runtime adaptation of service-oriented systems. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering.2011. ErradiA, Maheshwari P. Dynamic binding framework for adaptive web services. Proceedings of the 2008 Third International Conference on Internet and Web Applications and Services; 2008. LIU, Z., J. LI, J, LI, A. AN, J. XU, A Model for Web Services Composition Based on SQA and Providers Benefit, Proc. Int. Conf. on Wireless communications, networking and mobile computing, Beijing, China, (2009), pp.4562-4565. SIRIN,E.,B.PARSIA,D.WU,J.HENDLER,D. NAU, HTN Planning for Web Service Composition Using SHOP2, Web Semantics Vol.1, (2004), pp. 377-396. DAMBROGIO, A, A Model-driven WEB SERVICE DEFINITION LANGUAGE Extension for Describing the SQA of Web Services, Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on Web Services, (2006), pp. 789 -796. LIANG, W.Y., C.C. HUANG, H.F. CHUANG, The Design With Object (DWO) Approach to Web Services Composition, Computer Standards Interfaces, Vol29, (2007), pp.54-68. FERCHICHI, S.E., K. LAABIDI, S. ZIDI Genetic Algorithm and Tabu Search for Feature Selection, Studies in Informatics and Control. 11.F.CURBERA., M. DUFTLER, R.KHALAF,W. NAGY, N. MUKHI, S. WEERAWARANA, unraveling web services, An introduction to SOAP, WEB SERVICE DEFINITION LANGUAGE and UDDI, IEEE Internet Computing , Vol.6 (2002), pp.86-93. 12. KOSHMAN.S, visual -based information Retrieval on the Web, Library and Information Science Research Vol.28 (2006), pp.192-207. 13.CHEN L.S, F.H HSU, M.C CHEN, Y.C HSU, Developing Recommender Systems with the Consideration of Product Profitability for Sellers, Information Sciences, Vol.178 (2008), pp.1032-1048. 14. CHEN Y, L.ZHOU, D.ZHANG, ontology-supported Web Service composition, An approach to service-oriented knowledge Management in Corporate Services , Database Management Vol.17 (2002), pp.67-84. 15.OSULLIVAN J, D.EDMOND, A.T HOFSTEDE, whats in a service? Disturbed and Parallel Databases Vol.12 (2002), pp.117-

The Electrolysis of Copper Sulphate :: Papers

The Electrolysis of Copper Sulphate Aim Analyse and evaluate the quantity of Copper (Cu) metal deposited during the electrolysis of Copper Sulphate solution (CuSo4) using Copper electrodes, when certain variables were changed. Results Voltage across Concentration of solution electrode 0.5M 1.0M 2.0M 2 5.0 10.6 19.5 4 10.5 19.8 40.3 6 14.3 26.0 60.2 8 15.2 40.4 80.3 10 15.0 40.2 99.6 12 15.1 40.0 117.0 Analysing/Conclusion The input variables in this experiment are; concentration of the solution and the voltage across the electrodes. The outcome is the amount of copper gained (measured in grams) at the electrodes. By analyzing the graph, we can see the rapid increase of weight gained for the 2.0 molar concentration as the gradient is steeper. Whereas the 1.0 mol and 0.5 mol concentrations increases steadily at a slower rate. This obviously shows that if the voltage increase, the weight also increases. Hence I can conclude; the higher then voltage and concentration, the more copper is produced. The reason for this would be because we used electrolysis. This is used to separate metals from their ores and metal compounds. The electrolyte (solution) contains negative and positive ions. For electrolysis to work there must be the same amount of positive ions to negative ions so that the solution is electrically balanced. A solution of metal compounds can only conduct electricity if it is balanced. The negative ions are attracted to the anode (+ve electrode) and the positive ions (protons) are attracted to the cathode (-ve electrode). The electrolyte effect the amount of atoms attracted. This happens at the cathode: Cu2+ +2e- =Cu And oxygen is produced at the anode. Increasing the concentration is more affective than increasing the voltage but in order to gain more copper, you will need the highest

Philosophy of Gatsby :: The Great Gatsby F. Scott Fitzgerald

This book, The Great Gatsby, is a tale of deceit and the silent despair in the world of the human. Everything is not what it is made out to look like and often convincing as such. It is created by and creates the fear of being left in that portal which is the object of escape and the depths of despair. It shows life is a whirlwind which cannot be controlled, and many times even for the sick is not wished to be controlled because humans are too worrisome over what will and will not be and would rather turn their backs than face what is real. Distressing to look at and face but bliss to ignore and get on with the life which you know nothing about and never will know about because you are too stupid not to have the thought to want to know about. Humans do not do what is best for them and others only what will protect them from austerity, leading the path wide open for the dullness and loneliness they cannot find within themselves because yet again they ignore it with stupidity. Thi s is a sad, pathetic, and rueful story showing the discontent and avarice that lies within the human mind. On the other hand, it shows the nescience, naivetà ©, and overall dullness of the mind who tries for something that is already to far gone to worry about, often the characteristics of the heart. The battle of the heart and mind is one that has and will go on for ages and is too petty of a matter to suffer over because if you let one or the other control it is much to easy to ruin yourself. â€Å"I am what I cannot be and am what I am not. My mind tells me I am not what I believe and want to be, but my heart tells me I am what I believe and want to be so I must be what I am not. But what am I? Am I life or death?

Separation of Church and State in Latin America Essay -- Religion Gove

Separation of Church and State in Latin America Throughout Latin American history, the Roman Catholic Church has played a tumultuous role, from passive "soul saving" to aggressive revolutionary actions. As the countries have turned toward democracy the Catholic Church has had to recognize that along with modernization comes the promotion of two democratic ideals: the separation of Church and State and the endorsement of secularization. While many countries are still working toward a separation of Church and State, Costa Rica, a long-time democratic country, has continued to recognize Roman Catholicism as the official religion of the country and to look to church and clergy for support. Though the Costa Rican Church is removed from the political spotlight, it has not backed down from its doctrine and goals, and the Church and State have created a unique relationship that seems to benefit all peoples. Although the Catholic Church has varied somewhat throughout different parts of the world, the fundamental doctrines regarding social and behavioral expectations have remained relatively untouched. The ideals of tradition and purity still resound within the walls of Catholic churches everywhere. Catholicism is a religion based on ritual with precise words that are to be recited at every mass, baptism, communion, confession, and marriage ceremony. The only ingredient a good Catholic needs in order to share in these traditions and gifts of God is faith. Fortunately, the Church has formulated a number of rules to guide its followers down the difficult path to true faith. Like most Christian religions, the Catholic faith centers its beliefs on the Bible and the teachings of the early Church fathers. Certain parables are extracted ... ... Harold D. ed. Costa Rica: A Country Study, United States Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1983 Peeler, John A. Latin American Democracies, The University of North Carolina Press, 1985 Pope John Paul II. Opening Address at the Puebla Conference. January 28, 1979 Schall, James V. Liberation Theology, Ignatius Press, San Francisco, 1982 Szulc, Tad. Pope John Paul II: The Biography, Scribner, New York, 1995 Tapscott, Stephen ed. Twentieth-Century Latin American Poetry, University of Texas Press, Austin, 1996 Wesson, Robert. Politics, Policies, and Economic Development in Latin America, Hoover Institution Press, Stanford, California, 1984 Winn, Peter. Americas: The Changing Face of Latin America and The Caribbean, Pathean Books, New York, 1992 The Merriam Webster Dictionary, Merriam Webster Incorporated, Springfield, Massachusetts, 1994

Civil Rights Movement 1960s

The Civil Rights Movement in the USA in the 1950s and 1960s Research Task – Report Blake Walker Year 11 Modern History Malcolm X Investigate the life and background of the individual/group Malcolm X was born on the 19th May, 1925 in Omaha, Nebraska, by the name of Malcolm Little. Malcolm was one of eight children to Louise Norton Little who was an attentive busy housewife. His father, Earl Little who was an abrupt Baptist Minister and was also a strong supporter of Marcus Garvey, leader of the Black Nationalism movement.Whilst growing up he was a focused intelligent individual with determination to pursue a career path in Law, which was frowned upon for African Americans to pursue. In Junior High Malcolm graduated at the top of his class proving his perseverance and strong sense of self and direction, but when one of Malcolm’s favourite teacher’s discouraged him by stating that â€Å"His dream of becoming a lawyer was no realistic goal for a nigger†, Malco lm lost all sense of direction, sending him into a downward spiral eventually resulting in his lack of interest towards education and finally, his departure from school.The death of his father sent him into a further downward spiral which began his questioning into the issues relating to racism due to his father’s death, as the victim of a prejudice White Supremacist group known as the Klu Klux Klan. He then began a life in Boston, Massachusetts where he would work various odd jobs for little money, until he turned to a life of crime where he moved to the slums of New York. Malcolm eventually became a leader of various gambling and prostitution rings as well as a distributor of narcotics. In 1946 Malcolm was arrested and charged with burglary charges and was convicted to 10 years imprisonment.Whilst he was in prison, he decided to further his education and as a result, Malcolm came to a valuable point in his life where he became fascinated by the teachings of Elijah Muhammad, a valued prominent teacher of the Nation of Islam religion. Describe the significance of the individual/group to civil rights issues in the USA Malcolm X was an immensely significant individual to the civil rights movement as Malcolm soon rose to becoming the most prominent national spokesman of the â€Å"Black Power† movement, as he specifically worked to spread he political and religious goals of the Nation of Islam on a wide scale. Malcolm acted as an Inspiration proving that African Americans can rise up from the hardship and deprivation and stand up for what they believe in regardless of how much cruel discrimination and neglection you may receive. Continuously over the years of the movement, he encouraged young African Americans to support the initiative through powerful speaking and his remarkable debating skills which enabled him to succeed in recruiting over 30,000 young African Americans.They were enticed by the ideology that in order to achieve freedom, you have t o fight for it and that was the only way to achieve this. This view amongst African Americans (especially younger generations) was extremely popular. It promised to battle racism directly which to most, many thought this view would achieve the goals of the movement over a shorter time span and would be far more effective than the non violent initiatives used by individuals such as Martin Luther King which proved to become less effective over the years.Many believed that this was the only hope of achieving rights for African Americans and reinforces how Malcolm X played such a significant role in the Civil Rights Movement as he offered hope to the African Americans which were an alternative to the slow, ineffective non violent demonstrations. This provided them with an opportunity to stand up for themselves as individuals and African Americans as a nation, securing a better future for the African American in all areas of life.Outline the individual/groups beliefs and ideas and explai n the forces that shaped their attitudes towards civil rights at this time Due to Malcolm X’s religious beliefs being a devout follower of the Nation of Islam, the teachings of Honourable Elijah Muhammad become the foundation of the Black Nationalist Philosophy and Malcolm’s beliefs, which were reaching supremacy over whites by achieving political and economic power as well as improved working conditions for African Americans.Malcolm X also believed in the goal of achieving a separate state for African Americans through pursuing self-determination (which is an individual’s right to exercise the control they have over their own lives and determine their destiny). Although, the majority of the Islamic scriptures and teachings were non-racist, the Nation of Islam believed in racist teachings depicting that the whites as ‘devils’ who needed to be destroyed to empower Black Rule. Due to this perception of Whites, Malcolm did not want a Nation where the w hite an could interact with the darker man, but he encouraged segregation amongst Americans. In order to contest the brutal uphill battle they were fighting, Malcolm believed African Americans needed to become militant and aggressive action in order to overcome racism, otherwise there was no point fighting because in order to achieve freedom, you have to fight for it. This view was adapted because of the brutality demonstrated against African Americans and it was necessary as a act of self defence, as Malcolm X states: â€Å"I don’t go along with any kind of non violence unless everybody’s going to be non violent.If they make the Ku Klux Klan non-violent, I’ll be non violent. † (Retrospective Year 11 Modern History Pg 140 Source 7. 18 lines 1-2). These beliefs and ideology held by Malcolm X, were derived from the Nation of Islam which varied from other Muslim beliefs and were adapted by Elijah Muhammad to combat the discrimination and improve the conditio ns and rights of the African American individual and due to Malcolm’s stern stringent followings of the religion, Malcolm followed them and endeavoured to spread the beliefs of the religion to whoever was willing to listen.Malcolm’s beliefs towards segregation were shaped by his father’s beliefs which where instilled in Malcolm from a young age. Soon after Malcolm separated from the Nation of Islam, his beliefs changed when he visited Mecca, a city considered by Muslims to be the holiest city of Islam. His views which he stood by so passionately, he found soon became outdated and idealistic, which enabled him to see that regardless of skin complexion, people of all colour could have different opinions and not all whites were against African Americans and their movement.Malcolm began to work with white people who wanted to join his cause of ending discrimination and gaining more rights by helping his newly found organization, Muslim Mosque Inc, that’s purp ose aimed to achieve goals for the Black community. Identify and account for differing historical perspectives and interpretations of the individual/group concerned As do with majority of all prominent historical figures, there are differing historical perspectives and interpretations of Malcolm X and the cause he righteously represented.The differing perspectives of Malcolm X are regarding his methods of demonstrating the goals of the movement which to some communicated different messages, often ignoring the intended message. For many, Malcolm X was seen as a great leader of the Civil Rights Movement with a vision, a remarkable Inspiration that uplifted a nation. To others, Malcolm was a careless renegade who used vicious tactics and some speculate by arguing both. Though it has been exactly 47 years since he drew his last breath at the Audubon Ballroom in Harlem, Malcolm X’s life and legacy continues to affect many in the Harlem and Columbia Communities. His namesake street , Malcolm X Boulevard, lies at the centre of stores, and homes of West Harlem and he still serves as a cultural anchor and political and moral inspiration with enduring power and direct relevance in modern America and throughout the world† (http://www. columbiaspectator. com/2012/02/24/malcolm-x).This perception given by Emily Neil, a Senior Staff Writer at the Columbia Spectator is a prime example of the positive perceptions held in regards to his courageous decisions standing up for his people which in result have shaped our society today. On the other hand, some argue that Malcolm X was a radical individual whose beliefs were outrageous and sinister due to his militant methods and beliefs regarding supremacy over whites. These perceptions have been outweighed by the result of Malcolm X’s contribution to the Civil Rights Movement.Malcolm X’s general perception in history has led to him being been remembered as one of the greatest and most influential individual ’s of the Civil Rights Movement and African Americans in history. Bibliography Author: Unknown. Year: Unknown, Title: Biography [Internet] Place of Publication: Estate Of Malcolm X, Accessed: 16th March 2012, Publisher: http://www. malcolmx. comAvailable From: http://www. malcolmx. com/about/bio. html Author: Unknown. Year: 2001, Title: Malcolm X [Internet] Place of Publication:Biography Recourse Centre: Gale Group, Accessed: 16th March 2012, Publisher: www. fricawithin. com Available From: www. africawithin. com/bios/malcolm_x. htm Author: J. D. Scrimgeour. Year: 1997, Title: About Malcolm X [Internet] Place of Publication: The Oxford Companion to African American Literature, Accessed: 16th March 2012, Publisher: www. africawithin. com Available From: http://www. english. illinois. edu/maps/poets/s_z/smith/malcolmx. htm Author: A, Enisuoh. Year: 1993, Title: The Life and Legacy of Malcolm X [Internet] Place of Publication: Online Publications, Accessed: 19th March 2012, Publ isher: http://www. ocialistalternative. org/ Available From: http://www. socialistalternative. org/literature/malcolmx/ Author: E, Neil. Year: 2012, Title: Malcolm X [Internet] Place of Publication: The Columbia Spectator, Accessed: 21st March 2012, Publisher: http://www. columbiaspectator. com Available From: http://www. columbiaspectator. com/2012/02/24/malcolm-x Authors: M, Anderson, A, Low and I,Keese. Year: 2008. Title: Retrospective Year 11 Modern History. Pubisher: John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd. Place of Publication: Queensland. Page Numbers 138 – 140.